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Sabtu, 10 Maret 2012
DEIXIS
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Reflection from Pragmatics (George Yule)
Deixis is a technical terms for one of the most basic things we do with utterances or pointing via language, it is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speakers’ context. A language form used to accomplish it is called deictic expression or indexicals. There are many kinds of deixis, first is person deixis, to indicate people, spatial deixis for location, and temporal deixis for time.
a. Person deixis
Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three parts division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person (I), second person (you), an third person (she, he, it). These kinds of expressions are in every language in the world; furthermore they also become a mark of relative social status. For example when the addressee with the higher status talks to the addressee with the lower status, she or he will use language with the relative social status. This kind of expression is usually called honorific. For the discussions which talk about this circumstances is called as social deixis.
b. Spatial deixis
On the explanation in spatial deixis, contemporary English makes use of only two adverbs for the basic distinction; they are near speaker and away from speaker. In English, the near speaker or proximal terms is typically interpreted in terms of speakers’ location, for example ‘here’. For the away from speaker or distal terms can simply indicate ‘away from speaker,’ for example ‘there.’ Besides, some verbs of motion, such us ‘come’ and ‘go’ retain a deitic sense when they are used to mark movement toward the speaker (Come to bed!) or away from the speaker (Go to bed!).
c. Temporal deixis
As same as spatial deixis, temporal deixis also has two distinctions, the first is proximal terms or deictic center which is generally understood as referring to same point or period in time that has the time of the speakers’ utterance at its center., for the example is ‘now’. For the next is distal terms which can be used to distinguish between near addressee and away from both speaker and addressee, for example is ‘then’. Besides, both of them also have differences in the time signal. The proximal form ‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speakers’ utterance and the time of the speakers’ voice being heard. In contrast, the distal expression ‘then’ applies to both past and future time relative to the speakers’ present time.
d. Deixis and Grmmar
The relation between deixis and grammar can all be seen at work in one of the most common structural distinctions made in English grammar, that is between direct and indirect speech. As already described, the deictic expressions for person (you), place (here), and time (now) can all be interpreted within the sam context as the speaker who utters.
Deixis is a technical terms for one of the most basic things we do with utterances or pointing via language, it is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speakers’ context. A language form used to accomplish it is called deictic expression or indexicals. There are many kinds of deixis, first is person deixis, to indicate people, spatial deixis for location, and temporal deixis for time.
a. Person deixis
Person deixis clearly operates on a basic three parts division, exemplified by the pronouns for first person (I), second person (you), an third person (she, he, it). These kinds of expressions are in every language in the world; furthermore they also become a mark of relative social status. For example when the addressee with the higher status talks to the addressee with the lower status, she or he will use language with the relative social status. This kind of expression is usually called honorific. For the discussions which talk about this circumstances is called as social deixis.
b. Spatial deixis
On the explanation in spatial deixis, contemporary English makes use of only two adverbs for the basic distinction; they are near speaker and away from speaker. In English, the near speaker or proximal terms is typically interpreted in terms of speakers’ location, for example ‘here’. For the away from speaker or distal terms can simply indicate ‘away from speaker,’ for example ‘there.’ Besides, some verbs of motion, such us ‘come’ and ‘go’ retain a deitic sense when they are used to mark movement toward the speaker (Come to bed!) or away from the speaker (Go to bed!).
c. Temporal deixis
As same as spatial deixis, temporal deixis also has two distinctions, the first is proximal terms or deictic center which is generally understood as referring to same point or period in time that has the time of the speakers’ utterance at its center., for the example is ‘now’. For the next is distal terms which can be used to distinguish between near addressee and away from both speaker and addressee, for example is ‘then’. Besides, both of them also have differences in the time signal. The proximal form ‘now’ as indicating both the time coinciding with the speakers’ utterance and the time of the speakers’ voice being heard. In contrast, the distal expression ‘then’ applies to both past and future time relative to the speakers’ present time.
d. Deixis and Grmmar
The relation between deixis and grammar can all be seen at work in one of the most common structural distinctions made in English grammar, that is between direct and indirect speech. As already described, the deictic expressions for person (you), place (here), and time (now) can all be interpreted within the sam context as the speaker who utters.